HOW DOES THE CLONING IS DONE??

 

1. Artificial Embryo Twinning

 

• This technique mimics the natural process to produce  identical twins.

• In nature,  the embryo will splits into two first to develop twins.

• Twinning happens after egg and sperm join, while the embryo is made of just a small number of unspecialized cells.

• The embryo will develop separately and become individual independently

• They are genetically identical.

 

Artificial embryo twinning uses the same approach, but it is cultured in vitro on a Petri dish instead of in vivo inside the mother.

 Embryo is separated into individual cells, which are allowed to divide and develop for a short time in the Petri dish.

The embryos are then placed into a surrogate mother, where they finish developing.

Since same fertilized egg is used , they are genetically identical.

 

 

2. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

 

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), also called nuclear transfer, an exact copy of individual will be produce. Dolly Sheep is create by using this method

SCNT stands for:

Somatic cell: A somatic cell is any cell in the body other than sperm and egg, the two types of reproductive cells. Reproductive cells are also called germ cells. In mammals, every somatic cell has two complete sets of chromosomes, whereas the germ cells have only one complete set.

Nuclear: The nucleus contents the cell's DNA. The DNA is divided into packages called chromosomes, and it contains all the genetic information needed to form an organism. A small differences in our DNA that make each of us unique.

Transfer: Moving an object from one place to another. For example, to make Dolly,  a somatic cell from an adult female sheep. Next they removed the nucleus and all of its DNA from an egg cell. Then they transferred the nucleus from the somatic cell to the egg cell. After a couple of chemical tweaks, the egg cell, with its new nucleus, was behaving just like a freshly fertilized egg. It developed into an embryo, which was implanted into a surrogate mother and carried to term. (The transfer step is most often done using an electrical current to fuse the membranes of the egg and the somatic cell.)

The lamb, Dolly, was an exact genetic replica of the adult female sheep that donated the somatic cell. She was the first-ever mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell